Description
Buy RAGE Steroid Australia Aggression and irritability are notable psychiatric side effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) use. However, no previous study has systematically reviewed and quantitatively synthesized effects reported by experimental studies on this topic.
Objective
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the effect of AAS administration on self-reported and observer-reported aggression.
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Twelve RCTs comprising a total of 562 healthy males were identified through systematic searches of MEDLINE, PsycInfo, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Library.
Results
After excluding one outlier, AAS administration was associated with an increase in self-reported aggression under a random-effects model, albeit small (Hedges’ g = 0.171, 95% CI: 0.029–0.312, k = 11, p = .018), and when restricting the analysis to the effect of acute AAS administration on self-reported aggression under a fixed-effect model (g = 0.291, 95% CI: 0.014–0.524, p = .014). However, the above effects were neither replicated in the analysis of observer-reported aggression nor after restricting the analysis to the effects of the administration of higher (over 500 mg) and long-term (3 days to 14 weeks) doses.
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The present meta-analysis provides evidence of an increase, although small, in self-reported aggression in healthy males following AAS administration in RCTs. Ecologically rational RCTs are warranted to better explore the effect of AAS administration on aggression in humans.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00213-021-05818-7.
Introduction
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a family of hormones comprising the androgen hormone testosterone as well as its synthetic derivatives (Kanayama and Pope 2018). Use of AAS was historically associated with weightlifters and later with professional bodybuilders and elite athletes in various sports. Since the 1980s, use of AAS has gradually spread to recreational athletes as well as the general population (Pope and Kanayama 2012). Use of AAS normally comprises long-term administration of supraphysiological doses often 10–100 times the natural production or therapeutic doses of androgens (Kanayama et al. 2013). A meta-analysis on the global prevalence of AAS use indicated that 3.3% of the world’s population has used AAS at least once with use being more frequent among males (6.4%) compared to (1.6%) females (Sagoe et al. 2014b; Sagoe and Pallesen 2018).
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